Anatomy

= Anatomy-Skeletal & Circulatory = Coaches & Volunteers- Team-

here is a website relating to muscles: []
==11/3/09 - Begin locating the bones and muscles from the [|list]. It may be helpful to make flash-cards of the different bones and muscles. Resources- ==

Hudson Invite [|Test] [|Answer Key]

[|SO Events-Anatomy] [|Anatomy & Physiology I-Interactive tutorials] [|Interactive Tutorials-Anatomy & Physiology II] [|Anatomy & Physiology tests]

Current Topic to Research-Skeletal System
1)Locate/create an appropriate level labeled diagram of the skeletal system (online on using SO library of textbooks) [|SO_Skeletal_Diagram_2.jpg] -- The four words on the far left (not the skull bones), are: Sternum, Ribs, Vertebral Column, and Coccyx. //You need to know the axial and appendicular skeleton, but not the skull. Explain what these words mean. Links below-Mrs. Lakocy// Axial is just your torse and head, while appendicular encompases your appendages. [|//Online Learning guide to axial and appendicular skeleton//] [|//Daily skeletal anatomy quiz//] Review skeletal flash cards and determine if they are helpful or too detailed. {Where are the flashcards? The box? I would like to take them home asap.}- I I have the flashcards right now. Locate/create an appropriate level labeled diagram and xray of the surface anatomy of a bone. Add appropriate items to WIKI enchantedlearning.com- that is a really got website for diagrams- it says you have to pay but all you need to do is go to the image copy and paste it to word and enlarge it- then white out the answers- kim and i found some really great diagrams from there last year! A good site for diseases is medicinenet.com

By: Prapti S.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

*The cardiovascular system picks up waste from cells


 * It carries needed substances to cells and carries waste produced away from cells. Each time the heart beats it pushes blood through the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system

HEART

*Heart has a right side and a left side *The two sides separate each other by the septum (a wall of tissue) *The atrium receives blood that comes into the heart *The ventricle pumps blood out of the heart. *Valve is a flap of tissue that stops blood from flowing backward *The heart has two main phases: heart muscles relax and heart fills with blood, the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood forward BLOOD FLOW IN BODY

*It has two loops *Blood flow in the body is like a figure eight *Blood flows into the capillaries from the arteries *From the capillaries it flows into the veins *Loop 1: blood goes from the heart to the lungs then back to the heart *Loop 2: Blood goes from the heart to the body then back to the heart

ARTERIES

*Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart *Coronary Arteries carry blood to the heart *All arteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries *Artery walls have three cell layers *Innermost layer is smooth *Middle layer is made up of muscle tissue *The outer wall is made of flexible connective tissue *Since they have this structure they are both strong and flexible

CAPILLARIES

*In the capillaries materials are exchanged between the blood and the body’s cells *They are only one cell thick

VEINS

*After the blood goes through the capillaries it enters the veins then carry blood back to the heart *The veins have three layers

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

*When an artery thickens because of the buildup of fatty materials *That is when a heart attack occurs *One of the fatty materials is cholesterol *It develops in the coronary arteries *When the buildup happens the heart muscle receives less blood and therefore less oxygen *Treatment- low fat diet and moderate exercise, medication that lowers cholesterol and body fat *If it is severe they might have to undergo surgery to declog the clogged arteries

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

*Disorder where person’s blood pressure is higher than normal *Damages the walls of the blood vessels *Makes the heart work harder to pump blood *When you have it your body gives you no warning 2)Research and add to the WIKI the required information on joints and range of motion

JOINTS:

Hinge >> A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an apendage.
 * There are 3 types of Joints:
 * Fibrous Joints- joints which connect bones yet they do not move.
 * Cartilaginous joints- Connect bones with flexible cartilidge. These allow little movements, like the spines and ribs.
 * Synovial joints- Allow more movement than cartiligous joints. Cavaties between bones are filled with synovial liquid. This helps protect and lubricate the bones.
 * Joint Diagram:
 * [[image:http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/SADDLE.JPG]]Saddle

>> A saddle joint allows movement back and forth and up and down, bot does not allow for rotation like a ball and socket joint. || >> || Ball and Socket >> A ball and socket joint allows for radial movment in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. >> || Pivot Pivot joints allow rotation arround an axis. The neck and forearms have pivot joints. In the neck the occipital bone spins over the top of the axis. In the [|forearms] the radius and ulna twist arround each other.
 * EllipsoidEllipsoid joints are similar to a ball and socket joint. They allow the same type of movment to a lesser magnitude. The wrist is an ellipsoid joint. ||
 * [[image:http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/GLIDING.JPG]]Gliding

>> In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Midcarpal and midtarsal joints are gliding joints ||

SKELETAL DIAGRAM TO REVISE

Revise these points:


 * Sternum
 * Ribs
 * Scapula
 * Clavicle
 * Humerus
 * Vertebral column
 * Sacrum

**Vertibrae Column:** Top to Bottom:

 * 1) Cervical Vertibrae(7 vertibrae)(Include axis and atlas)
 * 2) Thoracic Vertibrae(12 vertibrae)
 * 3) Lumbar Vertibrae(5 vertibrae)
 * 4) Sacrum
 * 5) Coccyx
 * Inside a Bone:**

1. Articular Cartilage: Bit of cartilage that covers Epiphysis. 2. Cancellous Bone: The "spongy" part of the bone is bone tissue. This delicate part is inside the compact bone so as not to get harmed. This tissue creates cavities for red marrow. 3. Medullary/Marrow cavity: A hollow cavity inside the bone that holds yellow marrow. 4.Compact Bone: Hard part of the bone that encases the rest. 5. Periosteum: Hayline covering the compact bone.

**__The State Test__**
The state testr is much like the regionals, with stations and every thing else. The questions are similar, only more specific. This makes more stations with slightly harder questions. You should study more specifics of the subject(s) so you do not get stuck like Adam and I did on the vertebrae piece. You must continuously study and //pay attention//. Constant Vigilance. -Nitin